A law student needs to decide in his first year where he will go to work after receiving his diploma. This is not a requirement, but a recommendation. Also, from the second or third year you can look for an internship or part-time job. This will also help you understand in which area the activity will be more attractive. The list of legal professions is large. We propose to consider the features of the main ones.
Legal education
Being a lawyer is like playing chess. A lawyer must be ideally able to calculate actions several moves ahead, including the actions of his opponents. Such a specialist must have analytical thinking and prudence.
those who choose the legal profession must be specialists in one issue, one direction. It is impossible to know all the legal sciences and all the law, so universities ask students to decide on their future activities at the start. Some people choose civil cases, some choose criminal cases, there are lawyers who specialize in divorce or housing issues.
When choosing “legal” for admission, what profession to engage in in the future, you need to determine before submitting documents. Note that competition for such universities is high, 8 people per place or more. However, it is important not only to pass the competitive selection, but also to complete your studies with dignity. Today there are more than 1,200 law schools in Russia. After receiving their diploma, most graduates seek to go to work for foreign law firms, the civil service, or get a job in the legal department of corporations. All large firms now prefer to employ specialists in civil and financial law. The competition for admission to the institute is unusually high, and not every boy or girl is able to study law. Some, having already become students, quit their studies and leave the university already in their first or second year. This, of course, is sad, so applicants need to clearly understand what and how much they will have to study.
Of the one and a half million certified lawyers, only half work in their specialty. The rest find themselves in trade, banking and services.
Overview of professions
The list of legal professions includes more than a dozen areas. For example:
- legal advisor;
- advocate;
- investigator;
- tax consultant;
- bailiff;
- notary;
- business registration lawyer;
- world judge;
- expert criminalist;
- patent specialist;
- international lawyer, etc.
The types of legal professions are clearly defined and related to the law and legal support. Let's look at the most popular destinations.
Notary
The services of a notary are always needed: people need to issue a power of attorney, transfer of inheritance, etc. Notary specialists are always at work. Although the work is not interesting from the point of view of intellectual effort, it allows you to earn money. Including the notary's assistant. In addition, you will have legal experience and gain practical experience. Then you can promote to a notary or lawyer.
Working as a notary does not depend on skills. You need to know the Notary Law, inheritance law and gain a client base.
But practitioners and scientists in the notary profession will be bored, although for a young lawyer a notary office may be a suitable first step.
Advocacy
Legal positions and professions are generally interesting and challenging. It can be difficult for ordinary people to understand the specifics of specialties.
Ordinary people believe that a lawyer is a good lawyer. However, in St. Petersburg, for example, only a third of lawyers pass the exam.
What are the advantages of a lawyer? It's easier for him to get a client. The client does not doubt his qualifications and competence. This is how tactical cunning manifests itself. Only a lawyer can protect your rights in criminal proceedings. However, there is a problem: becoming a lawyer is not enough. You need to be a good specialist. Otherwise, no one will use the services. People look for lawyers based on recommendations from friends and relatives, and study reviews on the Internet, if any. No one will advise a beginner lawyer, so he must try very hard and definitely win cases.
You can't become a lawyer right away. I'll have to work as an assistant lawyer. Although, if you do not want to wait a long time for a lawyer’s portfolio, then it is better to abandon such experience and look for another office.
Tax law
A lawyer in the field of tax law is in demand. But what will be the difficulty level of the questions? If this is registration of an individual entrepreneur, this is the basic level. Then you need to learn how to deal with taxes for LLCs that operate within the framework of the Unified Tax Code or the simplified tax system.
A tax lawyer must be able to save his clients’ money, but do it legally, because the very first desk audit will reveal fraud.
Prosecutor
The structure of the Russian Prosecutor's Office is complex. Representatives of the legal profession “prosecutor” are responsible for overseeing the implementation of laws of all legal structures. The prosecutor's office has departments that monitor the activities of state security agencies, control over the conduct of criminal trials, supervision over the implementation of laws by employees in prisons, monitor the work of the transport police, etc. There is a lot of work in the prosecutor's office. However, if a lawyer is attracted to science, then prosecutorial activity is not for such preferences. Here you will have to show clear knowledge. After the prosecutor's office it is easy to get into a commercial structure. In private jurisprudence, specialists who have served in the civil service are highly valued. These are people with good experience and useful contacts.
Investigator
In films and books, the work of investigative departments seems incredibly exciting and unusual. But the realities are different. In fact, the peculiarity of the legal profession “investigator” lies not in tracking down criminals and not in exciting chases, but in the fact that you have to fill out a lot of paperwork and formalize every procedural action.
The investigation has always been well equipped technically, and this is a good advantage of this apparatus in the legal field.
What do you need to know? Criminal law. But formal knowledge will not be enough. The work of an investigator is a delicate knowledge of the criminal process. Any investigative actions are strictly regulated. In fact, you will have to understand criminology in a broad sense. That is, various kinds of rules and subtleties, for example, how to competently bring charges, how to conduct a confrontation, how to make a seizure, personal search and detention.
Economic crimes will require more intelligence. Fraud cases and investigations by the FSB are on a federal scale and a special procedure.
Peculiarities
As a result, you can build a career. The experience an investigator receives cannot be compared to that of any other legal profession.
The investigator is not required, but recommended, to have non-legal knowledge. For example, understand chemistry and psychiatry. You will have to know criminal law, criminal procedure, engage in forensic tactics, and understand a little biology and medicine.
The experience gained in the investigation still cannot be applied everywhere in the legal field. For example, it will be difficult to retrain as a corporate lawyer. Here, a criminal trial is not needed, nor is knowledge of criminology.
Investigators involved in corruption cases are a special category. Admission is granted to people whose qualifications are not in doubt. They must be independent and experienced, know many people and their connections. Young specialists are not hired mainly because they do not have established connections. But with some effort and perseverance, you can get a position.
Where to go for experience
Students and young professionals don’t have much choice. Although, if you approach the issue strategically, you can choose a useful direction. For example, it is advised to choose activities related to office work. The choice must be based on one criterion. And this is not a salary. Look for a place where there will be a qualified person who will want to competently answer your questions and fill you with knowledge and practice. A lawyer should professionally draw your attention to the little things. Not for templates.
Competition in jurisprudence
What can those who consciously choose legal professions expect? The main and very valuable feature of this direction is that there are no fewer vacancies. Why? This is explained by the fact that in Russia legal services can be provided by foreign companies that invite our specialists to work. The priority here could be our graduates’ excellent knowledge of the Russian language and Russian mentality.
The specialty of lawyers is one of the most popular in Russian universities. But not every university is capable of preparing a lawyer, and not every applicant is capable of becoming a lawyer.
Basics of the profession
A lawyer is a legal profession, the main subtleties of which are the ability to build cause-and-effect relationships and “make friends” with logic, as well as analyze judicial practice in order to offer the right solution to the client.
An experienced lawyer has tactics and tricks that he knows from practice.
How should a lawyer improve his qualifications? He is obliged to monitor changes in legislation and analyze them.
What to choose
The legal profession of a judge will require impeccable experience.
To become a criminal lawyer, it is necessary to work in investigative authorities or the prosecutor's office.
Every year, Russian universities graduate 150,000 lawyers. It is clear that not everyone will become good specialists.
Qualities of a professional:
- Fundamental knowledge of law.
- Oratorical skills.
- Perseverance.
Law students mainly want to get into the investigative committee and the prosecutor's office. Although commercial lawyers, many of whom become media personalities or bloggers, are like tempters trying to disappoint young professionals in the civil service, saying that there will not be high fees. This is true. But legal consulting in this regard is also not always an ideal option. Only well-known lawyers and well-known companies that have been on the market for several years earn a lot. But their stability is not as high as in the civil service. What can we say about small private offices? There is also a common opinion that the legal state system does not motivate achievements. But this is also a controversial argument; it is made by people who want to equate the worthy profession of a lawyer with an ordinary manager. The legal community does not agree with this position.
According to doctors, legal professions are one of the most harmful occupations for health. Working with a large amount of information leads to stress, and hence heart attacks and nervous diseases.
Ethics of the Legal Profession
From an ethical point of view, advocacy is of greatest interest.
This is a complex profession and a lawyer’s bread is not easy, but there is an opportunity for professional and human fulfillment. To be a good lawyer, you need to be aphoristic in court. The ethics of the lawyer-client relationship are also very important.
The legal profession is often criticized, but human society cannot exist without it. A lawyer educates citizens regarding their legally established rights and helps analyze complex situations from the point of view of the law.
In criminal cases, a lawyer cannot refuse an accepted defense, including because of money. He does not have the right to terminate the contract. But the lawyer has the right not to accept the defense.
The client may not like him, but the lawyer needs a professional view of the case, not friendship with his client.
Advocacy is a state of mind. You need to feel it. You need to understand what it means to protect a person. We need decency.
A commercial view of the profession
Most students are attracted to legal professions by the opportunity to earn really decent money. But experts are saying more and more loudly that the legal profession may soon become the same as it is with doctors. There simply won’t be enough of them in government agencies. Basically, everyone wants to work in private business, expecting a richer life.
In Germany, law exams are taken not at a university, but at the Ministry of Justice. You can become a lawyer only after working for ten years in the prosecutor's office as an investigator or in related fields as a corporate lawyer. In Russia, everything is much softer; three years of work experience in your specialty is enough.
Higher education is an important and responsible choice, and the number of specialties today is twice as large as in the recent past. Applicants often cannot decide until the last minute and choose the most profitable option. But which specialty is really in demand and can bring success in the future? Higher legal education has been considered very promising since the 2000s. The specialty of jurisprudence is the most popular and is considered one of the most prestigious. Let's take a closer look at the possible admission options and all the necessary information about this choice.
Jurisprudence is a social science and specialty that studies law as a separate system included in social norms, forms of law in state organization and activity, in the general political social system. This knowledge allows lawyers to maintain law and order and implement legal norms for all spheres of public life. Studying in the legal field implies acquiring full training in this specialty, a solid foundation of knowledge that allows you to carry out this type of activity at the highest possible level.
Types of university programs “Jurisprudence”:
Specialist
Bachelor
Master's degree
Areas of specialty in jurisprudence
Universities offer various ways to acquire such qualifications. Examples:
1) Bachelor's degree
The direction of preparation for the specialty Bachelor of Law is 521400, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
The graduate receives the qualification – lawyer, bachelor of jurisprudence.
It takes 4 years to study all disciplines and the compulsory bachelor’s program.
2) Specialist
Direction of training specialty 030501 jurisprudence, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
The graduate receives the qualification of a lawyer, a specialist in jurisprudence.
A period of 5 years of full-time study is allocated for mastering and training in this specialty.
3) Master's degree
Direction of training – 521400 code of specialty jurisprudence, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
Upon completion of education, the graduate receives the qualification of a lawyer, Master of Law. To master the entire scope of the program and study all the necessary disciplines, 2 years are allocated after studying for a bachelor’s degree.
Moscow universities specializing in jurisprudence
- Higher School of Economics (National Research University) HSE
- It is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the country! According to known data, the university has the most highly paid qualified teachers; it was founded on November 27, 1992. It has more than a hundred foreign universities as partners and provides the opportunity for exchange studies. However, it has a high price for paid training - 220,980 rubles.
- All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade (VAVT)
- VAVT provides specializations - international law and foreign economic activity. Studying at this university provides high-quality training in international legal specialization, and includes in-depth study of disciplines and foreign languages. The All-Russian Academy employs some of the best teachers with extensive experience in this field. There is a more affordable price for training - 150,400 rubles.
- Institute of International Trade and Law (IMTP)
- This university is not state-owned and is not as large as the previous ones. The institute is especially famous for its special approaches to teaching. The university studies economic disciplines and foreign languages in depth, which allows for better international legal specialization. IMPT also provides employment for graduates, provides a vibrant student life and more. The price for training is 98,000 rubles.
Specializations of the specialty jurisprudence
Specializations have different disciplines of study and corresponding future professions. A Jurisprudence graduate can become a lawyer, corporate or international lawyer, etc. Types of specializations:
- Advocacy
- International legal
- Constitutional and legal
- Information and legal
- Banking and legal
- State legal specialization and this is not the whole list.
The list of specializations covers almost the entire social life of society; absolutely everyone can find their own profession. The qualification of a lawyer specializing in jurisprudence is especially popular now. To make a quality choice, you need to consult with the university of admission; there are also tests that determine the best affiliation with a particular specialization.
Work in the specialty of jurisprudence
According to rough estimates, almost 30% of applicants dream of enrolling in a law degree. But given the wide specializations of this field, graduates who have received higher education in the specialty of jurisprudence are divided into specialists in a huge number of future professions and can work in different structures and organizations.
An international lawyer is a qualified specialist who has a higher legal education and speaks one or more foreign languages.
An investigator is a specialist who investigates crimes, performs data analysis, compares and finds solutions and assumptions, it is noted that jurisprudence is a criminal law specialty that involves training prosecutors, lawyers and more.
A lawyer is a specialist who provides legal protection to individual citizens and organizations.
A mediator is an independent intermediary who acts between several parties and organizes the resolution of disputes.
A notary is one of the most popular professions in this field; he is a specialist who provides notarial services for citizens or companies, acting in their interests. A notary certifies documents, certifies authenticity, makes a certificate of ownership, and more.
Higher education is, although not the main, but significant factor in professional fulfillment and building a successful career. After Russia adopted the Bologna Convention in 2003, difficulties arose in defining the concepts that unite a higher education diploma. This article will help you understand important issues.
Profession
The term comes from the Latin word professio, which means “officially specified occupation.” The name of the profession is directly related to the following facts:
- what the job is;
- what functions are performed;
- what means of labor are used.
A person’s profession is an activity performed in the following social situations:
1) a certain narrow area in which human labor resources are invested;
2) the general occupation of a group of people united by socially useful labor functions;
3) a person’s performance of labor functions in a certain area based on his high level of competence;
4) professional implementation of someone’s labor functions;
5) useful activities performed for remuneration;
6) the social and public status of a person obtained in the course of engaging in a certain activity.
You also need to understand that a profession and a diploma qualification are not always the same thing. The first of the concepts is directly related to the practical development of any work activity.
Speciality
This concept is also of Latin origin: species means “genus” or “species”. A specialty is an integral part of a profession. For example, the medical profession consists of the following specialties: pediatrician, surgeon, ophthalmologist, anesthesiologist, obstetrician, etc. The legal profession includes such specialties as investigator, lawyer, prosecutor, notary, judge, etc.
In other words, a specialty can be called a narrow-profile area of application of labor forces and professional skills of a person.
Qualification
But this concept is difficult to call unambiguous. In relation to the field of work and career, two main definitions can be distinguished.
Qualification in the field of labor relations is the level of mastery of theoretical knowledge, as well as practical skills and abilities, thanks to which a person successfully carries out his work activity. The more you know and can do, the higher your qualifications and, as a rule, your salary. Compliance with professional requirements is expressed at various levels: classes, ranks, titles, categories, etc. For example, a third-class turner, a teacher of the highest category.
Diploma qualification is a name that expresses the level of training of a graduate of a higher or secondary specialized educational institution. But how the name of the qualification will be formulated in each specific case depends on what level of professional education was received.
Specialist, Bachelor, Master
After the ratification of the Bologna Convention, which allowed diplomas from participating countries to be considered valid abroad, new standards of higher education were adopted in Russia. Now it is carried out using three systems:
- specialty (at least 5 years of study);
- Bachelor's degree (at least 4 years of study);
- Master's degree (at least 6 years of study).
In the first case, a university graduate will be called a certified specialist in the chosen profile. For example, a qualification for a diploma “Lawyer”, and a specialty - “Jurisprudence”. In this case, the qualification indicates who the graduate is professionally, and the specialty - in what area of public relations. Moreover, the first concept is narrower than the second when considered in relation to education.
What is a bachelor's degree? Contrary to popular belief, this is not an “abbreviated”, but a full-fledged higher education. It is basic, and after completing its course you can get a job. In this case, your diploma will say that you are a bachelor of a certain field (for example, economics) in the relevant field (in this case, “Economics”).
Or you can continue your studies by moving to the second level and starting an academic career. This level of higher education is called a master's degree; the duration of study will be 6 years, after which the graduate will receive a scientific degree "Master".
We determine what qualification and specialty according to the diploma
Thus, in relation to higher education, diploma qualification is the status of a graduate in the vocational education system. And if we are talking about a specialty, then the qualification echoes the name of the specialty: jurisprudence - lawyer, economics - economist, pedagogy - teacher, etc. But if a person studied under the bachelor’s or master’s degree system, then in the diploma the name of his qualification coincides with the assigned scientific degree. A diploma of higher education will contain the wording: “Bachelor (Master) of Law (Economics, Pedagogy, Linguistics, etc.) in the direction of “Jurisprudence”, etc.
Diploma qualifications are an important thing to know and understand, as they are important for completing paperwork and positioning yourself correctly in other official situations.
Description
Legal training involves a detailed study of such disciplines as civil, land, international, environmental, tax, criminal, and business law; criminology, criminal procedure, and others. Here students learn:
- qualified interpretation of laws and other regulations and their application;
- development of regulations in accordance with the profile of their work;
- making decisions and taking actions in accordance with the letter of the law;
- participation in legal proceedings;
- correct execution and drafting of legal documents;
- participation in inquiries;
- correct qualification of circumstances and facts;
- analysis and evaluation of examinations;
- taking measures to restore violated human rights;
- prevention of crime and identification of circumstances conducive to it; and much more.
Who to work with
Those who have completed their studies at the Faculty of Law have broad prospects in terms of choosing a future place of work. These could be federal, arbitration or constitutional courts, where a bachelor of jurisprudence can work as a forensic expert, bailiff, or judge; Prosecutor's office - at the initial stage it is possible to work as an assistant prosecutor or lawyer; law enforcement agencies (police), where it is possible to work as a district police officer, investigator, police officer, criminologist, investigator. There are broad prospects in private practice, where you can work as a legal adviser, lawyer, or lawyer. But your best chance is to find a job in a private company and get the position of a corporate lawyer who monitors the legal purity and legality of the company’s activities. The task of a corporate lawyer also includes monitoring all changes in legislation, drawing up and checking contract forms, and providing consultation to all departments of the company.
After choosing a specialty, the second most important thing is choosing a specialization. You have already decided that your activities will be related to the legislative regulation of public life. All that remains is to choose the area in which you will implement the acquired knowledge. Your professional future depends on your choice of specialization.Specializations differ from each other in a special set of disciplines studied, which influence the choice of profession in the future. Therefore, when choosing a university, it is important to pay attention to the specializations offered. Whether you become a prosecutor, criminal lawyer, corporate lawyer or international lawyer depends on your specialization.
The specialty “Jurisprudence” has the following main types of specializations adopted by the Educational and Methodological Association: international legal civil legal state legal criminal legal advocacy
constitutional and legal
tax and legal
fiscal and treasury
customs legal
information and legal
economic-legal financial-legal
notary-registration-legal
banking and legal
social and legal (labor)
land legal
intellectual-legal environmental-legal International legal specialization
Among all the existing specializations in the specialty “Jurisprudence,” international legal specialization should be specially noted. Traditionally prestigious, it requires great expense and effort on the part of the university to train qualified specialists.
The main feature of this specialization is its complexity. It requires knowledge of not only Russian, but also international law, as well as fluent knowledge of foreign languages. Moreover, here a foreign language no longer acts as a desirable component, as in many other cases, but as a mandatory one.
And finally, we note the unconditional demand for international legal specialization, since more and more organizations and firms are engaged in foreign economic activity in one form or another.
So, an international lawyer must have:
one or two foreign languages
knowledge in the field of Russian and international law
knowledge in the field of economics, finance
International legal specialization can be divided into the following subtypes: specialization in the field of international public
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
law and specialization in international private law. This difference can only be seen by looking at the university curriculum.
List of disciplines studied within the subtypes of international legal specialization
International legal specialization in the field of private law
International private law specialization is presented in the form of a study of legal norms and principles governing the relationships between states and international organizations that arise in connection with the activities of the latter.
Scope of application: organizations engaged in foreign trade activities, transnational corporations, financial and industrial groups, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation and its divisions.
The following disciplines are studied as part of the specialization:
investment law
international civil process
international arbitration process
international sports law
international trade law
legal aspects of international trade in intellectual property
international commercial arbitration
international patent law
A number of disciplines from the international private law specialization can also be studied in the international public law specialization.
International legal specialization in the field of public law
International public law specialization involves an in-depth study of the features of activities in the international arena of the Russian Federation and other states, international organizations, citizens in
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
political, social, cultural and other spheres (law of international treaties, civil and trade law of foreign countries, international commercial arbitration, international transport law, etc.).
Scope of application: international organizations, government departments and public organizations.
international legal framework of the CIS states
law of international treaties
international air law
international maritime law
international customs law
international trade law
international transport law
international human rights law
European law
European Court of Human Rights
law of international organizations (international non-governmental organizations)
international legal regulation of labor
diplomatic and consular law
methods of resolving international disputes (arbitration, diplomacy)
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
The opportunity to study a number of disciplines from international public law specialization in international private law specialization is associated with the traditions of Russian education not only in training specialists capable of working within a narrow specialization, but also in creating wider opportunities for students to apply their knowledge.
State legal specialization
State legal specialization involves obtaining in-depth, professional knowledge of legal institutions in public legal relations.
The main goal of state legal specialization is to prepare lawyers to work in various levels of the apparatus of state and public organizations (state authorities
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
and local self-government), to ensure the activities of political parties and public organizations, to protect human rights in this area.
Scope of application: bodies of constitutional control, departments (administrations) of local administration, the apparatus of the President of the Russian Federation, legislative and legal departments of governing bodies and legislative committees of the State Duma, the legislative assembly of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
law and power (gaps in law, theory of human rights), jurisprudence
electoral law
parliamentary law
budget law
current issues of financial law
problems of constitutional and administrative law
state and church (constitutional and legal aspect)
current problems of the development of constitutional justice in the Russian Federation
theory of popular representation: issues of electoral and parliamentary law
regional legislation
legal status of state extra-budgetary funds
liability for violation of environmental legislation
legal regulation of employment in the Russian Federation
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Civil law specialization
Civil law specialization is characterized by the study of special disciplines that regulate all economic and legal relations between people, organizations and enterprises.
Scope of application: courts of general jurisdiction, arbitration courts, notaries, the bar, the prosecutor's office, legal services of enterprises, institutions and organizations, social security authorities, trade union bodies, legal departments in banks, organizations providing legal services to the population.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
corporate law
banking law
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
intellectual property right
contract law
inheritance law
information law
legal regulation of the securities market
legal regulation of insolvency (bankruptcy)
procedural features of certain categories of civil cases (peculiarities of consideration of disputes involving foreign persons)
Features of consideration of economic disputes in the international commercial arbitration court (judicial defense of civil cases in international commercial arbitration)
commercial real estate transactions
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Criminal law specialization
As part of the specialization, it is expected to obtain more in-depth professional knowledge of legal institutions in the field of criminal law relations.
Main areas of activity: interpretation and application of laws and other regulations, ensuring compliance with legislation in the activities of government bodies, individuals and legal entities, uncovering and establishing facts of offenses, determining standards of responsibility and punishing the perpetrators, developing legal documents, carrying out legal examination of regulations.
Scope of application: judicial authorities, law enforcement (internal affairs bodies, prosecutors, courts), justice authorities, courts of general jurisdiction, territorial bodies of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, administration, legal advisor service. Graduates can work in public and private security companies, as investigators, investigators, bailiffs, general lawyers handling civil and criminal cases, justices of the peace, in expert institutions, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
current problems of modern criminal proceedings
qualification of crimes against justice
world court: experience of formation and development
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
punishment and problems of its administration
crimes in the sphere of economic activity
crimes against state power, interests of civil service and service in local governments
crimes against the person
problems of producing examinations: phonoscopic, odorological, genotypic
forensic accounting
judicial enforcement others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Advocacy
Advocacy can act as an independent specialization in the “Jurisprudence” direction, or it can be a direction of training in civil law or criminal law specialization, depending on the area of law in which the future lawyer will carry out his professional activities - civil or criminal.
The main direction of a lawyer’s professional activity is the provision of legal assistance to individuals and legal entities, expressed in clarifications, oral and written information on the law; drawing up statements, complaints and other legal documents; acting as a representative of the interests of the plaintiff or defendant in courts and arbitrations; participation in the preliminary investigation and in criminal court as a defense attorney.
Scope of application: law offices, bar associations, legal departments of large firms and organizations of various forms of ownership, as independent lawyers.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
activity of a lawyer in civil cases
activities of a criminal lawyer
activity of a lawyer in arbitration cases
the art of judicial speech
psychology of professional activity of a lawyer
Russian Bar Association
methods of evidence in the work of a lawyer
forensic medicine and psychiatry
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Financial and legal specialization
Financial and legal specialization is presented as a set of legal norms regulating social relations arising in the process of formation, distribution and use of monetary funds (financial resources) of the state and local governments.
Financial and legal specialization involves obtaining in-depth professional knowledge of legal institutions in the field of customs, tax law and other disciplines related to economic crimes.
Scope of application: banking and non-banking credit organizations, commercial organizations in need of specialists in this field of knowledge, as well as tax, budget and other government bodies.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
current problems of financial law
antimonopoly legislation
banking law
currency law
international tax law
international economic law
tax crimes and tax legislation
taxes and taxation, tax accounting and reporting, tax planning
legal basis of the tax and fee system
legal regulation of the market for state and municipal securities
legal aspects of state regulation of the economy
customs law
financial law of foreign countries
financial management others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Constitutional and legal specialization
Constitutional legal specialization involves studying the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, studying the theory and practice of judicial constitutional control, analyzing decisions and legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Scope of application: courts, prosecutor's office, social security authorities.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
basics of citizenship
ombudsman institution
constitutional law of foreign countries
parliamentary law
constitutional law of Russia
suffrage others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Notary and registration specialization
The specialization provides for the study of issues of notarial proceedings and the activities of its participants (notarial activities, activities for the registration of political parties, public and religious associations, national and cultural autonomies, regulation of activities for the registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it, the examination of regulatory legal acts).
Scope of application: government bodies, general and administrative supervision bodies, notaries.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
organization of notaries in the Russian Federation
civil notarial law (individuals and property)
public notary law
legal regulation of real estate transactions (construction and urban planning)
legal regulation of business activities
international private notarial law
tax notarial law
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
professional ethics of a notary
family law and inheritance law
legal support for obligations
notarial commercial law
legal regulation of real estate transactions
notarial acts performed by notary bodies
basic rules for performing notarial acts
notarial proceedings
application of international law by a notary, others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Tax and legal specialization
Tax and legal specialization focuses on training professional personnel in the field of studying the legal nature of tax, methods of implementing tax policy, the tax system, the competence of tax authorities, the rights and obligations of taxpayers, mechanisms and types of liability for violation of tax legislation, the procedure for proceedings in relevant cases and resolution tax disputes.
Scope of application: tax authorities; consulting and audit firms; financial and accounting services of commercial and non-profit organizations; bodies of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for taxes and fees; tax police; Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation; government bodies at the federal, regional and municipal levels; legal, economic services of organizations, enterprises and institutions.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
international tax law
tax law
tax advocacy
tax law of foreign countries
tax liability
tax process
organization and methodology of tax audits
general theory of taxation
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Banking and legal specialization
Banking and legal specialization is a combination of knowledge in the field of banking in jurisprudence, economics, accounting and auditing in a bank.
Scope of application: banks, financial departments of industrial, trading and insurance companies, stock exchanges, insurance companies.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
banking law
contractual relations in the banking sector
investment law
rule-making activities of the banking system
ensuring legality in banking
legal status of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation
legal regulation of banking activities
offenses in the field of banking
other legal framework for international banking
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Budget and Treasury Specialization
Budgetary and treasury specialization is at the intersection of different financial-legal (financial-legal and banking-legal) and economic specialties and studies treasury budget execution and spending of funds from the budget.
Scope of application: Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, bodies of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Accounts and Control Chamber of Moscow, Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, Control Department of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, financial authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, extra-budgetary funds, commercial banks, institutions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, economic services enterprises and organizations.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
budget law
budgetary and treasury legal relations in the Russian Federation
budget and budget system of the Russian Federation
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
treasury budget execution system
organization of budget execution
organization of activities of the Federal Treasury
legal regulation of treasury matters others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Social and legal (labor) specialization
Social and legal (labor) specialization regulates:
Labor law (relations of workers and employees with the employer, on whose behalf the administration acts, regarding the direct application of labor; relations of the administration with the workforce regarding the participation of workers in production management, establishment and application of working conditions; consideration of labor disputes; labor protection issues, etc. .);
family relationships;
social security law;
pension law.
The specialization is aimed at training heads of personnel services of organizations, training lawyers for pension services, pension funds, and trade unions.
Scope of application: social and legal protection and assistance to the population; state and municipal administration; penitentiary system; committees of the Moscow Government, departments and administrations of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation; family planning centers; centers for working with families, children and youth; social protection committees; territorial employment centers; information and computer centers; territorial social service centers; social insurance and welfare funds; various labor collectives and public organizations.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
family law: inheritance law, international family law, history of family law
social security law: legal regulation of social security, international social law, European social law, labor law, foreign labor legislation, labor relations in the Russian Federation, problems of the theory of the employment contract, employment contracts under the legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, the legal status of managers, legal entities in world of work
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
housing law: inheritance in the Russian Federation, international housing law
health legislation
pension law others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Customs and legal specialization
Customs legal specialization is presented as a set of normative legal acts regulating relations on the economic protection of the borders of the Russian Federation by customs authorities by establishing the procedure for the movement of goods, other objects and persons across the customs border, the amount and procedure for collecting customs duties, liability for customs offenses and the procedure for attracting To her.
The qualifications of a customs specialist provide for the acquisition of the necessary knowledge and skills for professional organizational and managerial, economic, foreign economic, law enforcement and research activities in customs authorities, organizations, federal and regional authorities related to foreign economic activity.
Scope of application: customs authorities and organizations, federal and regional authorities related to foreign economic activity.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
customs payments and customs tariff regulation
management in customs authorities
liability for customs crimes
operational-search activities of customs authorities
expertise in customs activities
psychology of customs activities
information customs technologies
international contract law
history of customs service and customs legislation
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Land legal specialization
Land legal specialization is devoted to the study of relations regarding the ownership, use and disposal of land resources, as well as their protection and rational use.
Area of specialization: legal support for environmental protection and natural resource management.
Scope of application: government agencies, notaries, social security authorities.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
scientific basis for regulating property and land relations
legal support for economic regulation of property and land relations
legal regulation of privatization of the property and land complex
environmental and legal regulation of property and land relations
legal methods in managing the property and land complex
state control over regulation of property and land relations
problems of civil legal regulation of land ownership and problems of land law
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Information and legal specialization
Information law is an intersectoral set of legal norms currently in the formation stage that regulate social relations in the field of creation, use, movement and protection of information (information resources).
The identification of information law is due to the increasing processes of informatization of modern society and the growing importance of information relations, which require special comprehensive regulation.
A subtype of information law is also the computer branch of law (a narrower field of activity).
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Specifics of the information and legal industry:
solving functional problems of the subject area, managing information flows;
creation, implementation, analysis and maintenance of professionally oriented information systems in the field of jurisprudence.
Scope of application: state and municipal authorities; financial and economic institutions; law enforcement agencies; internal affairs bodies; prosecutor's office; courts; justice authorities; notary; customs; information centers; archives; state statistics bodies; administration.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
theory of legal information systems
Information Security
information technology in jurisprudence
legal protection of intellectual property in the field of digital and new information technologies
legislative regulation of biotechnology
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Intellectual and legal specialization
Intellectual legal specialization provides a broad legal education and special training in the field of legal protection of intellectual property (IP) in the following areas:
Scope of application: enterprises of various forms of ownership; ministries and departments of any field of activity; state property system; banks; foreign economic state and commercial organizations; research and development organizations; organizations and enterprises of high technology; law enforcement agencies; tax office; judiciary; prosecutor's office; customs Service; small and medium-sized innovative businesses; technopark and technopolis; consulting and audit firms; patent attorney firms and law firms
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
offices; intellectual property valuation firms; the sphere of show business, media (media), etc.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
civil and commercial law of foreign countries
international cooperation in the field of IP protection
legal protection of other IP objects
trends in the development of legislation in the field of IP protection
problems of intellectual piracy in Russia
law and protection of works of literature, art, computer programs and databases
law and show business, the fight against video and audio piracy
law and protection of high technologies
law, patents, licenses, contracts
law and know-how (production and trade secrets)
legal protection of IP objects on the Internet others
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Economic and legal specialization
The main area of specialization is legal support of economic activities and public management of economic activities.
Scope of application: law enforcement agencies, tax and customs services of the state, legal services of industrial enterprises.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
economic law
commercial law of foreign countries
economic procedural law
problems of economic legislation of the Russian Federation
problems of economic and legal liability
legal services for business entities
legal regulation of economic and trade activities
public administration and regulation of economic activity
SPECIALIZATIONS IN JURISDICTION
Protection of the rights of business entities in case of their violation by
other government agencies
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
Environmental and legal specialization
Ecological and legal specialization is presented as a set of legal norms regulating relations in the field of protection and rational use of natural resources.
The main area of specialization is legal support for environmental protection and natural resource management.
Scope of application: government agencies for environmental management and environmental protection; environmental protection enterprises; government structures and organizations in the field of international environmental law; bodies involved in environmental protection, water, forest and land use; environmental inspection bodies, environmental prosecutor's office, etc.
The following specialization disciplines are studied:
legal aspects of environmental economics
legal regulation of environmental protection
water and forest legislation
legislation on the protection of subsoil, the atmosphere of the animal world
legal measures to protect the health of citizens from the harmful effects of the environment
European environmental law
international environmental law
international cooperation in the field of environmental protection
taxation in the field of environmental protection, etc.
law in the field of urban planning and environmental protection
problems of legislation in the field of environmental safety
environmental and cultural heritage law
Specialization disciplines are determined by the university independently.
We emphasize that the disciplines of specialization in universities differ. Therefore, when choosing a university, you need to familiarize yourself with the curriculum.