Project on the topic of phraseological units. Research project "phraseologisms". Phraseologisms in other languages

Can be hung on a nail
Towel and cane,
Lamp, cloak or hat.
And a rope and a rag...
But never and nowhere
Don't hang your nose in trouble!
Yu. Korinets

In Russian language lessons we got acquainted with some Russian phraseological units. I was interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, origin, and the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language.

The following was set target: study of the origin and meaning of some phraseological units

To achieve the goal, tasks:
study theoretical information about phraseological units;
learn the history of the origin of some phraseological units;
find out the meanings of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech;
create a phraseological dictionary of the meanings and origins of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech;
develop and select interesting tasks for schoolchildren

Research hypothesis: in life we very often come across phraseological units. Sometimes they help to clearly express a thought and give imagery to speech. And sometimes they make communication difficult because their meaning is not always clear to everyone. I suggested that the meaning of catchphrases is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open unknown pages of the history of the language.

Methods:
- search (working with information sources: books, the Internet);
- analytical (observation, information analysis, data synthesis);
- creative (creating your own project).

What are phraseological units
The Russian language is very rich in apt and figurative stable combinations of words. Such stable combinations are called phraseological units. The word “phraseology” comes from two words in the Greek language: “phrasis” - an expression of a figure of speech, “logos” - a concept, doctrine.
Ozhegov's dictionary gives the following definition:
“Phraseological unit is a stable expression with independent meaning.”

Phraseologisms are stable combinations that can easily be replaced with one word: to fool around one’s finger - to deceive, to play dumb - to mess around.
Phraseology is a branch of the science of words that studies stable combinations and phrases. Phraseological units are used in the language in finished form. They cannot be replaced with other words or any word inserted. For example: Postponing things (you can’t say “long box”).
Phraseological phrases make our speech figurative, bright, expressive. With the help of such stable combinations, a lot can be said briefly. For example: about a person who finds himself in an absurd position, they say that he “got into trouble.” This sounds much more figurative and expressive than describing in length and detail how he found himself in an uncomfortable position due to his naivety or ignorance.

We often encounter stable figurative expressions in everyday life. “Find a common language”, “head on shoulders”, “does not care for the soul”, “time is up”, “long tongue”, “you can’t spill water”... We use each of these phrases in cases where we express our attitude - approving , dismissive or ironic towards this fact.

The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language
Based on their origin, phraseological units of the Russian language are divided into native Russian and borrowed.

A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. These include:

1) superstitious ideas of our ancestors, for example: a black cat crossed the road (there was a quarrel, a disagreement between someone); neither fluff nor feather (wishing someone good luck, success in any business) - initially: wishing good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form, so as not to “jinx” it if you directly wish good luck;

2) games and entertainment, for example: playing spillikins (doing trifles, for nothing, wasting time); from the name of the ancient game, which consisted in the fact that from randomly scattered spillikins (tiny freckles) it was necessary to pull out the spillikins one by one with a small hook, but so as not to touch the others; outshine (outdo in something); not even a blow (to know nothing at all, not to understand);

3) ancient customs of punishing criminals, for example: shorten the tongue (make someone talk less, talk less, be less impudent); written on the forehead (quite noticeable); details of Russian life, for example: washing dirty linen in public (divulging quarrels, squabbles that occur between loved ones); easy to remember (appears at the moment when they think or talk about it).

4) historical events in the life of the Russian people, for example: how Mamai went through (complete disorder, defeat) - from a historical event - the devastating invasion of Rus' (in the 14th century) by the Tatars under the leadership of Khan Mamai.
Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: phraseological units without a hitch - “smooth”, clumsy work - “rough work” originate from carpenters; from shoemakers - two pairs of boots - “identical”; from hunters and fishermen - to reel in fishing rods - “to leave hastily”, to cover their tracks - “to hide something”.
Oral folk art is a rich source of Russian phraseology.
Phraseologisms came from folk tales: the fairy tale about the white bull - “an endless repetition of the same thing”, under Tsar Gorokh - “a very long time ago”, Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”, etc.
From proverbs and sayings, phraseological units arose such as: the grandmother said in two - “an indefinite answer” from the proverb: The grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or it will snow, either it will or not; the wolf took pity on the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, leaving the tail and mane; without a king in his head - “not a serious person” from his mind - a king in his head.
Many phraseological units appeared from literary works: for example, from Krylov’s fables: to twirl like a squirrel (to be in constant trouble); disservice (a service that brings harm rather than benefit); The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo (mutual praise). From the works of A.S. Pushkin, for example: to be left with nothing (to be left with nothing).
Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations, catchphrases that came into the Russian language from other languages.
Some phraseological units appeared from the Old Church Slavonic language. Most often they are expressions taken from biblical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: by the sweat of the brow - “to work a lot (to work)”, forbidden fruit - “about something tempting, but forbidden”, holy of holies - “the most precious thing, cherished”, daily bread - “that which is necessary for existence.”
Set expressions from ancient Greek mythology: Achilles heel - “the most vulnerable place”, Gordian knot - “a confusing coincidence of circumstances”, sword of Damocles - “about constantly threatening danger”, etc.

Practical work
I noticed that many phraseological units in Russian are associated with body parts. I selected these groups of words and compiled a small dictionary.

We have developed several interesting tasks for schoolchildren that can be used in lessons or activities.
I found an interesting riddle on the Internet: It’s not flowers, but they wither; phraseological units:

They can be dragged, there is no truth in them, they can hum, the devil will break it, they get tangled (legs)

It is full of troubles, you can fill it with water, there is porridge in it (mouth)

Sometimes the milk on them is not dry, they are being fooled, she is not a fool (lip)

They can be in a wet place, they can run away, they can throw dust at them, they can hatch and cry. (eyes)

“Find a pair” phraseological units with the opposite meaning:

Run with your tongue sticking out - move slowly
the tongue is tied - the tongue is well suspended
yellow-throated chick - shot sparrow
distant lands - just a stone's throw away
keep your eyes open - keep your head in the clouds
bite your tongue - loosen your tongue

Distribute phraseological units into groups according to their meaning (phraseologisms with similar meanings)
Count crows, spin like a squirrel in a wheel, tirelessly, chase a lazy person, spit at the ceiling, lie on your side with folded arms, kick ass, play the fool, don’t lose face, sweat, break your back, through a stump - a deck , pull the strap. (to work - to idle)

Fill your mouth with water, hold your tongue, sharpen your laces, keep your tongue tied, loosen your tongue, swallow your tongue, scratch with your tongue. (be silent - chat)

Headlong, leg by leg, like crazy, with all your shoulder blades, a teaspoon per hour, pulling the rubber, only your heels sparkled, with all your might, pulling the cat by the tail. (fast slow)

Phraseologisms in English
I think that people who study Russian as a foreign language have difficulty understanding such combinations, because... phraseological units are associated with the history, culture, and traditions of Russia.
I assumed that other languages also have such expressions. We turned to our English teacher Elena Alexandrovna, and I also looked for information on the Internet. English also has set expressions. The meaning of many of them is also not always clear to us, language learners, without special training.
Some of them are similar in meaning to Russian, but the literal translation may surprise us:
We say: Being under someone's thumb
In English there is an expression with the same meaning:
To be under someone’s thumb, but literal translation: to be under someone’s thumb

In our country: play the fool, in English - Play the fool. Literally: play a donkey.

Here: it rains like buckets, in English: It rains cats and dogs. (It rains cats and dogs).

We say: They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.
English: You can’t teach an old dog new tricks. (You can't teach an old dog new tricks)

Many expressions cannot simply be translated into Russian without knowing their exact meaning. In this case, they will be incomprehensible to us.

For example, the expression: wear the trousers, literally translated: to wear trousers, which means to rule (be the head) in the family

We have an expression: money can’t buy you, and in English money talks - money decides everything.

Phraseologisms reflect the history of the people, the uniqueness of their culture and way of life. The study of phraseological units greatly helps to understand the culture and life of peoples and to master a foreign language.

"GYMNASIA"

The wonderful world of phraseological units

Research work.

Completed by: Egorov Alexander,

2nd grade student

Head: Tatyana Anatolyevna Domnenko,

Nyagan

Chapter 1. The wonderful world of phraseological units…………………………………..6

1.1. The concept of “phraseologisms” and their characteristics………..………………... 6

1.2 Variety of phraseological units..…………………………………… 7

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….12

List of used literature and information sources………..13

Applications………………………………………………………………………………...14

Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………….15

Appendix 2……………………………………………………………………………….16

Appendix 3……………………………………………………………………………….17

Appendix 4……………………………………………………………………………….19

Appendix 5……………………………………………………………………………….26

"For those interested in history,

culture of its people, phraseology -

one of the most exciting and

interesting areas of language"

N. M. Shansky

Introduction

The Russian language is known throughout the world for its richness and beauty. Often in a conversation you can hear: “There are no words to express...”, “There are no words to describe this...”. In fact, our language has quite enough words to express and designate any concept, any phenomenon.

Not all of these combinations are understandable to us, people of the 21st century, but at the time of the creation of phraseological units, these combinations made sense and were well understood. Only time, having erased the circumstances of their occurrence, made them mysterious.

The relevance of my work lies in the fact that not enough time is devoted to the topic of phraseological units, and therefore for some they remain a mystery.

Due to the fact that nowadays phraseological units are used quite rarely and are gradually going out of use, I became interested - how much do my peers know phraseological units? And can I help them develop an interest in these beautiful figurative means?

Therefore, I decided to search for answers to these questions and determined topic his research project “The Wonderful World of Phraseologisms.”

I conducted a survey among students in my class, in which 23 people took part.

Yes – 33%

No – 67%

Not the light of the day, cut off on the nose, beat the bucks, with a gulkin nose, seven spans in the forehead.

18% of students explained the meaning of all phraseological units, 82% gave explanations only selectively. Difficulties caused - to beat the head, with a big nose, seven spans in the forehead.

in books – 57%

from parents – 34%

from the teacher – 42%

from friends – 21%

I don’t recognize it at all – 12%

Often – 4%

Sometimes – 56%

Never – 40%

A survey of students showed that most children do not know what phraseological units are, understand their meaning only selectively, cannot always explain in their own words what an expression means or come up with their own interpretations, and therefore they are used quite rarely in speech.

Thus, the chosen topic of work is quite relevant.

Goal of the work

Based on this goal, I set myself the following tasks:

Study the concept of “phraseologisms”, signs of phraseological units
Compile an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units
Write an essay using phraseological units.

Object of study – phraseological units.

Subject of study- use of phraseological units in speech.

Hypothesis: if a person understands the meaning of a phraseological unit, this makes him want to use it in his speech, which significantly embellishes and enriches it.

Research methods – questioning, searching, collecting information, analysis, summarizing.

Stages of work:

Questioning classmates.
Working with literature, phraseological dictionaries.
Review of phraseological units in the Russian language textbook for grade 2
Determining their meanings, selecting illustrations and poems.
Presentation of a phraseological dictionary in the classroom.
Writing an essay.

Expected results: the use of phraseological units in the speech of classmates.

Chapter 1. The wonderful world of phraseological units

The concept of “phraseologisms” and their characteristics

Many books and articles have been written about phraseological units, and interest in them continues neither among researchers nor among those who are simply not indifferent to words.

Ozhegov’s dictionary says that phraseological units are stable expressions with independent meaning. Each individual word has lost its original meaning. They acquired a completely different, common meaning for them. For example, in the meaning of the phraseological unit “brew porridge” there is no food, in the phraseological unit “golden hands” there is nothing made of gold.

Even the great M.V. Lomonosov called stable combinations “phrases”, “Russian proverbs”, proposing to include them in the dictionary. Scientists realized that phraseological units create, as it were, a special tier in the language. A new section on language was born - phraseology. Phraseology is a science that studies stable phrases. Stable combinations of words are phraseological units. The word "phraseology" comes from two Greek words: "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "teaching". Phraseology is the greatest treasury and enduring value of any language. Phraseologisms in their own way reflect the life of our people from very distant times; they express the spirit of the people, their history, and customs. A tough nut to crack - this very phraseology. Until now, many philologists are scratching their heads, talking about phraseological units in the Russian language.

The sources of phraseological units are different. Some of them arose on the basis of human observations of natural phenomena (smoke from a rocker), others are associated with mythology and real historical events (as if Mamai had passed), others came from folklore and literary works (the fairy tale “About the White Bull,” “And the Cart”) now there” from I. Krylov’s fable “Swan, Crayfish and Pike”)

Phraseological units have several important features and characteristics:

1. Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases. Through thick and thin can't be pronounced no matter what happens to me or by all means, A don't get in the way instead of don't get confused under your ears or at any moment instead of from year to year. There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.

2.Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:
headlong - fast, just a stone's throw - close.

3.The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative meaning. Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one. Phraseologisms cannot be taken literally, otherwise speech becomes comically meaningless.

We inherited language from many generations of people as our most precious wealth. It is considered one of the most expressive languages in the world. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts. “A lame word is a crooked speech,” says the Russian proverb.

1.2 Variety of phraseological units

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy, and imagery. A well-chosen phraseological unit enlivens speech, makes it emotional and interesting.

To clarify the meaning of phraseological units, dictionaries have been created. The first phraseological dictionary edited by V.A. Molotkov. appeared in the late 60s. It contains over 4000 phraseological units.

While studying material about phraseological units, I wondered if this topic was in our Russian language textbook. After looking through the textbook, we found out that the topic “Phraseological Units” is studied at the end of the year and very few pages are devoted to it in the book. I have highlighted all the phraseological units that we will have to study this year. There were 54 of them (Appendix 3). After re-reading them, I realized that most of the combinations were unfamiliar to me. While studying the meaning of these phraseological units using a phraseological dictionary, I made a discovery for myself: it turns out that phraseological units, just like words, can express opposite meanings (antonyms) or have a similar meaning (synonyms).

During the research, I identified 7 groups of phraseological synonyms:

Meaning – to run quickly:

What does the spirit have?
At full speed
Only the heels sparkled
To the fullest extent
With all my might
Rush with full sails
Headlong
With all my strength

Meaning: to work diligently, diligently:

Sparing no effort
Rolling up my sleeves
Working up a sweat
By the sweat of your brow
Working hard

Meaning – to deceive:

Lead by the nose
Mislead
Pull the wool over someone's eyes

Meaning – to idle:

Chasing the quitter
Sit in one's hands
Beat your head

Meaning – to remain silent:

I took some water into my mouth
Keep your mouth shut

Meaning – very soon, in the near future:

You won't have time to look back
At any moment

The value is very small.

With a gulkin nose
The cat cried

In addition to synonyms, I identified 7 pairs of phraseological antonyms:

Rolling up your sleeves - carelessly
Keep your mouth shut - sharpen your swords
Far away, just a stone's throw away
Live by your own mind - live by someone else's mind
Brew the porridge - clear the porridge
With a light heart - with a heavy heart
Sit back - work tirelessly

Studying theoretical material about phraseological units turned out to be fascinating and informative. I realized that in order to use phraseological units in one’s speech, a person must understand their meaning.

We decided to create our own phraseological dictionary, which can be offered to classmates for use. The meaning of phraseological units will be explained in the dictionary and pictures will also be added for better understanding.

After production, the dictionary was printed and offered to the children in the class for familiarization (Appendix 4). He got their attention. Everyone liked the pictures that illustrated the phraseology. After looking at the images, the children enjoyed reading the explanations for the phraseological units.

After the guys in the class studied our dictionary, we were asked to write an essay using these phraseological units.

The essays turned out to be very interesting, rich in phraseological units (Appendix 5).

We proved that after children learned to understand the meaning of phraseological units, they began to use them in their speech, their speech became more vivid and expressive.

Conclusion

The topic of our research seemed interesting. In the course of our work, we came to the conclusion that not all the children in the class have an idea of what phraseological units are, much less can explain their meaning. Quite a few of our peers use phraseological units in their speech. We hope that our research helped the children see the variety of phraseological units, understand their meaning and use them in their speech.

It is necessary to pay more attention to the study of phraseological units, because thanks to them, vocabulary increases, speech becomes more figurative, vivid and emotional.

Working on this topic, we gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their characteristics, learned to determine their meaning and use them in our own speech.

The goal of our research work has been achieved. The tasks assigned to us have been completed, the hypothesis put forward has been confirmed.

By getting to know phraseological units and applying them in our speech, we delight each other with a funny joke and a well-aimed word. After all, phraseological units are part of our culture, without which our speech becomes simplified and loses color.
List of used literature and information resources

Volkov S. Unique illustrated phraseological dictionary for children - M.: AST Astrel, 2010. - 224 p.
Gvozdarev Yu. Stories about Russian phraseology - M.: Education, 1988. - 192 p.
Zhukov V. School phraseological dictionary - M.: Education, 1989. - 432 p.
Ivanov S.V., Evdokimova A.O., Kuznetsova M.I. and others. Russian language: 2nd grade - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2012. - 176 p.
Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - M.: LLC "ITI Technologies", 2006. - 944 p.
Rose T.V. Large phraseological dictionary for children - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2009. - 224 p.
Funny phraseological units in pictures for children https://yandex.ru/images/search?text=%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5%20%D1%84%D1 %80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B%20%D0 %B2%20%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B4%D0%BB %D1%8F%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&stype=image&lr=11186&noreask=1&source=wiz
Phraseological phrases in poetry https://infourok.ru/material.html?mid=166143
http://phraseology.academic.ru/
Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language http://enc-dic.com/rusphrase/

APPLICATIONS

Guys!

I ask you to answer the questions in the questionnaire for conducting research work on phraseological units.

Do you know what phraseological units are?

□ yes

Explain the meaning of phraseological units.

Neither light nor dawn ___________________________

Nick down____________________________

Throw your hat in ______________________________

With a gulkin nose ______________________________

Seven spans in the forehead __________________________

Where did you encounter phraseological units?

□ in books

□ from parents

□ from the teacher

□ from friends

□ I don’t recognize it at all

4. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

□ sometimes

□ never

Survey results

ANNEX 1.

APPENDIX 2.

No.	phraseological unit	Meaning
1.	You won't have time to look back	Very soon
2.	Nick down	Remember it firmly
3.	Only the heels sparkled	Run very fast
4.	Out of the blue	Suddenly
5.	How I fell from the moon	Doesn't understand what everyone understands
6.	I took some water into my mouth	As if numb, speechless
7.	My mouth is full of trouble	A lot of things to do and worries
8.	Doesn't fit in mouth	There is no desire to eat
9.	Neither light nor dawn	Early
10.	Tongue without bones	Talkative
11.	Pull the wool over someone's eyes	Boast, deceive
12.	Chasing the quitter	Sit back
13.	Keep your mouth shut	Be silent
14.	Puzzle over	Think
15.	As two drops of water	Very similar
16.	Don't get under your feet	Do not interfere, do not distract
17.	At any moment	Very soon, very soon
18.	With a gulkin nose	Very little
19.	Sit in one's hands	Sit back
20.	What does the spirit have?	Run fast
21.	Working hard	Work hard, work diligently
22.	Sparrow knee-deep	Very fine
23.	At full speed	Run fast
24.	Sparing no effort	Work hard, work diligently
25.	Beat your head	Sit back
26.	To the fullest extent	Run fast
27.	Rolling up my sleeves	Work hard, work diligently
28.	With all my might	Run fast
29.	Working up a sweat	Work hard, work diligently
30.	Rush with full sails	Run fast
31.	catch flies	Be inattentive
32.	By the sweat of your brow	Work hard, work diligently
33.	The cat cried	Few
34.	Headlong	Run fast
35.	With all my strength	Run fast
36.	Brew the porridge	Start an unpleasant business
37.	Far away	Very far

APPENDIX 3.

38.	With a light heart	Joyfully, without worries
39.	Live by your own mind	Make decisions on your own
40.	Live in someone else's mind	Stick to other people's views
41.	Just a stone's throw	Very close
42.	To fix the mess	Unraveling an unpleasant matter
43.	With a heavy heart	With a feeling of anxiety
44.	Sleeveless	Work carelessly
45.	Sharpen the laces	Chat
46.	Sink into eternity	Disappear forever, be forgotten
47.	Seven spans in the forehead	Very smart
48.	Lead by the nose	Deceive
49.	Mislead	Deceive
50.	Lay down your head	Die
51.	Break your neck	Get injured
52.	Head up	Act with confidence
53.	Turn up your nose	become proud
54.	Greet with bread and salt	Show honor

APPENDIX 3.

APPENDIX 4.

Today I woke up at the crack of dawn. We need to get ready for school. I washed my face, had breakfast and got dressed as best I could. Walking me to school, my mother said:

Sasha, take it easy on yourself, don’t catch flies in class, don’t sit idly by, work until you sweat. Don't talk, keep your mouth shut. During recess, behave calmly, don’t run headlong, otherwise you might break your neck.

I will try to fulfill my mother's order. I’ll work with my sleeves rolled up and everything will work out.

Fishing.

One day, my dad and I were getting ready to go fishing. We got up early, had breakfast and hit the road. Our place where we usually fish was far away. So we set off with full sail. At first, fishing was not successful, as we caught only a small fish’s worth of fish. Dad said that the fish don’t bite because we sharpen our lines loudly. Then we stopped chatting and became silent as if we had filled our mouths with water. Before we knew it, we caught a lot of fish. We fished until we sweat. We returned home with a light heart. There my mother greeted us with bread and salt.

APPENDIX 5.

Introduction. Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language; they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed on from generation to generation.

I assumed that the meaning of phraseological units is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open unknown pages of the history of the language.

I was interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, and origin in the Russian language. That’s why I chose the topic of my project work: “Sources of the origin of phraseological units.”

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in everyday life, when faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units both in written and oral speech, because they do not know their meanings and sources of origin. Phraseologisms are a special layer of the Russian language that enriches our speech and is part of the culture of the Russian people.

The purpose of my work: 1) to find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;

2) use phraseological units correctly in your speech.

Object of study: myths, spiritual literature, Russian folk tales and works of Russian classic writers.

Subject of research: phraseological units.

Project objectives:

search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units; find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units can be combined into groups according to their source of origin.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature; collection of information; survey - questioning; observation; study

Main part

1.1. What are phraseological units?

While researching various information sources, I became acquainted with the concept of “phraseologism” and learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Let's compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish;

1.2. Sources of origin of phraseological units

During my research, I noticed that all phraseological units can be grouped into groups according to their origin.

The phraseological units that came from myths seemed very interesting:

Augean stables are a heavily clogged, polluted or cluttered room. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a difficult situation. The Achilles heel is a weak spot. The sword of Damocles is an impending, threatening danger. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced person. Golden Fleece - gold, wealth that people strive to acquire. To sink into oblivion is to disappear forever, to be forgotten. Olympic calm - calm, unperturbed by anything Tantalum torment - “suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it”, Apple of discord - “the reason, the reason for a quarrel, disputes, serious disagreements”, Colossus with feet of clay - “anything in sight” majestic, but essentially weak, easily destroyed”, etc.

Cornucopia. After his birth, the father of the gods Zeus was hidden in a secret place, in a grotto, where the sacred goat Amalthea fed him with her milk. It was not in vain. Zeus's father, the Titan Kronos, wanted to destroy his son and heir, to devour him, as he had already devoured his other children. Grateful Zeus, becoming the main god, took Amalthea to heaven; there and now everyone can see her between the constellations. And to his teachers, the nymphs, he gave one of the goat’s horns: from this horn everything that the nymphs needed flowed and fell. It was this horn, which became a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, and was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression “like from a cornucopia” means: with extraordinary generosity, in huge quantities.

Getting acquainted with Russian folk tales, I found the following phraseological units:

and I was there, drinking honey and beer, a hut on chicken legs, Koschey the Immortal Fox Patrikeevna, neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen under Tsar Pea, said and done, the fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it: a fairy tale about a white bull, three days and three nights .

And phraseological units that came from the Bible:

Contribute - about a person who took part in some matter within his means. The word "leptos" in Greek meant: thin, small; “Mite” was the name given to the smallest ancient coin.

One of the Gospel parables tells about a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, put all she had in the sacrificial bowl next to the rich gifts of noble people - two measly mites. But to God, the parable says, these mites of the widow were more pleasing than the rest of the treasures.

The “widow’s mite” is any modest donation made from the heart. The expression “make your contribution” means: to make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause.

The voice of one crying in the wilderness - vain calls that remain unanswered.

Antediluvian times are prehistoric times.

Burying talent in the ground is about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.

Manna from heaven is unexpected luck, wonderful help.

What phraseological units did our classic writers use? This academic year we studied the work of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. To obtain the result, his fables were examined. They contained 9 phraseological units:

- “The Donkey and the Nightingale”: in a thousand ways, far away

- “Trishkin caftan”: Trishkin caftan;

- “Two dogs”: walk on their hind legs;

- "Monkey": monkey's work;

- “The Cat and the Cook”: and Vaska listens and eats;

- "Demyanova's ear": Demyanova's ear;

- “Squirrel”: like a squirrel in a wheel;

- “Casket”: and the casket simply opened;

- “Wolf in the Kennel”: I’ve known your wolf nature for a long time;

Having found out the sources of origin of phraseological units, I began to pay attention to them when reading fiction.

I really like the works of children's writer Nikolai Nosov. And I especially highlighted his book “Vitya Maleev at school and at home” and found 20 phraseological units in his stories:

run as fast as you can, kick ass, run away in no time, get lost in three pines, take it in tow, bring it out into the open, look with all your eyes, roll up your sleeves and be done with it. like he looked into the water, like he was lowered into the water, like he fell from the moon, you can’t lure him with a roll, you can’t see your neck with soap, you can’t see your ears, you’re neither alive nor dead, you can go to the ends of the world and fall off your feet

As a result of working on this issue, I became interested in what phraseological units are most often used by teachers at our school? Of the 30 teachers surveyed at Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 8, the most “popular” phraseological units turned out to be “with grief in half”, “hover in the clouds”, “hack on the nose”, “like a chicken with its paw”, “don’t put a finger in your mouth”, “off your feet” fall down” and less so “pulling by the tongue”, “eggs don’t teach a chicken”, “climb ahead of dad into the hell”, “swallowed his tongue”.

2.Having your head in the clouds (18)

3.Hack on the nose (19)

4.Took some water into my mouth (6)

5.Like a chicken paw (15)

6. Tongue swallowed (6)

7.Pull the tongue (4)

8.Don’t put your finger in your mouth (14)

9. Like a fish in water (14)

10. Eggs don’t teach a chicken (3)

11.Climb ahead of dad into hell (8)

12. How I fell from the moon (12)

13. Like a squirrel in a wheel (11)

14.Fall off your feet (13)

15.With grief in half (22)

Conclusion

In the course of my research, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their origin and meaning, and learned to find them in the text. I came to the conclusion that the main sources of phraseological units are myths, fairy tales, the Bible, fables, and that you need to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly. They help make our speech lively, beautiful, and emotional. I also learned to work with dictionaries and use information from the Internet.

The tasks that were set for the work were completed, the hypothesis put forward was confirmed - phraseological units can indeed be combined by source of origin.

MBOU "Krasnoyarsk Secondary School"

"Phrasebook"

5th grade student

Solovyov Roman

Customer:

teacher of Russian language

Pavlova A. A.

With. Krasny Yar

Introduction.

Subject my project “Phraseological Dictionary”.

Relevance. I chose this topic because it interested me.

Target My job is to tell you as much as possible about phraseological units.

Project product will be my phraseological dictionary.

This product will help achieve the goal of the project, as I will try to talk in more detail about phraseological units.

Plan my work is the end of the New Year holidays 01/12/16 – 01/13/16. Choosing a topic and clarifying the name, since I had previously become familiar with phraseological phrases, I immediately liked this topic. Collecting information: I have a “Dictionary of Phraseological Phrases” in my home library.

Product manufacturing At first I chose the most interesting and understandable phraseological units, then I also wanted to draw illustrations. Writing the written part of the project: I highlighted the topic with a colored pen so that it was visible, then an illustration for the text about this phraseological unit, and then wrote the text.

Main part

I began my work by selecting the necessary information about phraseological units.
Then I got to work.
I completed the work by writing the last phraseological unit.
During my work, I encountered the following problems: I wanted to cover as much material as possible, but I was already a little tired.

Conclusion.

Having finished my project, I can say that not everything that was planned worked out, for example, I did not have time to write and talk about many more phraseological units.

This happened because there was not enough time.

If I started again, I would write everything down.

Back forward

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Relevance of the implemented project:

Currently, the problem of lack of knowledge about phraseological units has arisen, and now it is especially acute, because graduates of the 9th and 11th grades take the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, the test materials of which contain tasks that require knowledge of phraseological units. It turned out that many high school students have great difficulty finding phraseological units in the text, do not understand their meaning, and do not know how to use them in speech. Phraseological phrases - a special layer of the Russian language, part of the culture of our people - should return to our speech and enrich it.

The fundamental question of the project: Why are phraseological units needed in a language?

The goal of our project: by conducting certain research in the field of linguistics, to study the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classic writers to use phraseological units in their speech

Project objectives:

search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units;
find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;
get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;
compile your own illustrated dictionary of phraseological units;

To achieve the goal of the project, it was decided to study scientific data on phraseological units, to study the history of the appearance of phraseological units in the language, into what groups phraseological units of the language are divided into by origin. It was also necessary to become familiar with phraseological dictionaries. The content of the project included familiarization with synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms of phraseological units. You can only learn to use phraseological units in your speech using the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classics, so it was decided to turn to the works of I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova. To get an objective picture of the use of phraseological units in our speech, a sociological survey of adults and peers was conducted. All students took part in creating an illustrated dictionary of phraseological units.

To achieve the goal, we used methods of research, observation, comparison, sociological survey, analysis, and generalization.

Stages of project preparation and implementation:

STAGE 1. Development of design specifications

1. The class is divided into 4 groups that receive tasks

Group 1 - explore scientific data on phraseological units; study the sources of phraseological units;

Group 2 - sociological survey of students, teachers, parents;

Group 3 - research work; object of study: Russian folk tales, works by I.A. Krylova, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N. Nosova;

Group 4 - study of dictionaries of phraseological units; selection of phraseological units-synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

2. Discussing the students’ work plan individually or in a group, identifying sources (find on the Internet, ask at home, use encyclopedias, think well for yourself).

STAGE 2. Collection and clarification of information, questionnaires.

Discussion with schoolchildren of possible sources of information,
Independent work of groups
Teacher consultations.

STAGE 3. Implementation of results.

Students prepare a presentation on the progress report

Teacher consultations.

STAGE 4. Evaluation of results (analysis of the implementation of project tasks )

Students participate in preparing for the presentation of material in a presentation lesson.

STAGE 5. Conducting the lesson “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”

Results of the project:

Students learned the meaning of the concept of “phraseologism”, became acquainted with the sources of phraseological units in the Russian language, and with phraseological dictionaries.

We created a presentation about phraseological units.
We have compiled a dictionary of phraseological units and continue to work on it.
We worked with phraseological units-homonyms, synonyms, antonyms. diversity.
We learned the history of the origin of many phraseological units.

As a result of the project, we organized an exhibition of drawings “Phraseologisms in Drawings”

All project participants came to the conclusion: it is necessary to constantly become familiar with phraseological units so that speech becomes more precise and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.

Prospects for further development of the project. This project can be used by other teachers in their work. to develop students’ competence in the field of independent cognitive activity, skills of independent work with large amounts of information; provide assistance in understanding the meaning of phraseological units, develop the ability to use them in a speech situation; teach a brief presentation of your thoughts orally and in writing.

Resources involved in the implementation of the project.

1. V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: "Enlightenment". 1983.

2. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Tutorial. M.: Bustard, 1995.

4. Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units. M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.

5. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. M.: Pedagogy, 1984.

Goals:

summarize the research work on the project;
show the nature of phraseological units and learn from the example of Russian folk tales and the works of Russian classical writers to use phraseological units in their speech, present the sources of origin of phraseological units;
get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language; present your illustrated dictionary of phraseological units;

During the classes

1. Teacher's word:

We present a research project "The role of phraseological units in our speech." Putting a spoke in the wheels, leading by the nose, the cat cried... How often do we use these expressions in our speech? Do we understand their meaning?

“Phraseological units constitute the national physiognomy of the language, its original means and its... wealth,” wrote the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky Therefore, we decided to learn everything about phraseological units and joined the project “The role of phraseological units in our speech.”

We have created working groups to work on the project. Each group had its own task.

2. The floor is given to students of group 1:

While exploring various information sources, we became acquainted with the concept of “phraseologism”. We learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Let's compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish; walks under the table - small; the tooth does not touch the tooth - it is frozen; hack on the nose - remember; how to look into the water - to foresee, etc. There are phraseological units throughout the history of language. Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names: catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings.

Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “idioms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

We got acquainted with the sources of phraseological units:

1) original Russians ( rough work, green street);

2) Old Slavonic ( seek and ye shall find);

3) Latin and Greek ( Augean stables, contribute);

4) Western European ( blue stocking, throw down the gauntlet)

Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original character of the Russian language. The direct (original) meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some customs of our ancestors, and their work. So the expression kick your ass(idle) arose on the basis of the direct meaning of “splitting a block of wood into loaves of wood (chocks) to make spoons, ladle, etc. from them,” that is, to do a simple, easy task.

We found phraseological units that came from myths very interesting:

Augean stables- a heavily clogged, dirty or cluttered room.
Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation.
Achilles' heel- vulnerable spot.
Sword of Damocles- impending, threatening danger.
Two-Faced Janus- Two-faced person.
The Golden Fleece - gold, wealth that one strives to acquire.
Sink into oblivion- disappear forever, be forgotten.
Olympian calm- calmness, unperturbed by anything.

We got acquainted with phraseological units that came from the Bible:

To contribute- about a person who took his feasible part in some business.
Voice in the wilderness- vain calls that remain unanswered.
Antediluvian times- prehistoric times.
Bury your talent in the ground- about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.
Manna from heaven- unexpected luck, wonderful help.

3. The floor is given to students of 2 groups:

We conducted a sociological survey of adults (parents and school teachers) and children. Respondents were asked the following questions:

4. Your favorite phraseological unit.

93% of teachers know what a phraseological unit is, 7% do not know; 65% of parents know, and 35% do not know; of children, 83% know, 17% do not know.

Most often, adults encounter phraseological units in fairy tales and oral speech, children - in works of art and fables.

Of all the wealth of phraseological units, phraseological units were most often heard in the speech of our respondents beat your head, break into pieces, kill on your nose.

Adult respondents heard phraseological phrases for the first time at school, child respondents heard them for the first time in kindergarten and at school.

Among adult respondents, 58% do not use phraseological units in their speech, although they know them; among children, 44% do not use phraseological units in their speech.

The origin of phraseological units turned out to be unknown for many adults and children (83% and 78%, respectively), and only 17% of adults named the Bible and myths as the source of origin, and 22% of children named ancient Rus'.

Favorite phraseology of teachers - neither light nor dawn, students - like water off a duck's back, parents - Nick down.

4. The floor is given to students of 3 groups:

We have carried out some research work, as a result of which we found out whether our writers use phraseological units in their works.

To obtain the result, the fables of I. A. Krylov were studied. In them we found 9 phraseological units:

- "Donkey and Nightingale": in a thousand ways, far away

- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;

- "Two dogs": walk on hind legs;

- "Monkey": monkey's work;

- "The Cat and the Chef": and Vaska listens and eats;

- "Demyanov's ear": Demyanova's ear;

- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;

- "Casket": and the casket simply opened;

- "Wolf in the kennel": and I have known your wolfish nature for a long time;

In the stories of Nikolai Nosov, 20 phraseological units were found:

run at full speed
kick your ass
run away
in no time,
got lost in three pines,
take in tow
bring to clean water,
look with all your eyes,
rolling up my sleeves
and that's the end of it.
like looking into the water
as if submerged in water,
like I fell from the moon,
you can’t lure with a roll,
prick on the neck
soap your neck
you can't see your ears
neither alive nor dead,
go to the ends of the earth
fall off your feet

Getting acquainted with the tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Russian folk tales, we found phraseological units.

Phraseologisms from fairy tales by M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin

phraseological unit	Lexical meaning of phraseology	Fairy tale title
keep a stone in your bosom	hold a grudge	"Wild Landowner"
don't give in an inch	not to give at all	"Wild Landowner"
stand one's ground	achieve your demands	"Wild Landowner"
nowhere to stick my nose	nowhere to go	"The Wise Minnow"
mental ward	have a lot of brains	"The Wise Minnow"
keep your eyes open	be vigilant	"The Wise Minnow"
sleep in hand	prophetic dream	"The Wise Minnow"
go seven miles away to slurp jelly	go far for something	"The Wise Minnow"
to our yard	in place	"Crucian idealist"
hold your pocket wider	hope for something that cannot be	"Crucian idealist"

Phraseologisms came from folk tales:

I was there too, drinking honey and beer
a hut on chicken legs
Koschei the Deathless
Lisa Patrikeevna
neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen
under Tsar Gorokh
no sooner said than done,
the fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it
megillah,
three days and three nights.

Such research work allowed us to conclude: our writers very often use phraseological units in their works, which help them vividly, figuratively characterize the hero, logically, consistently present their thoughts, make the speech intense, emotional, and rich. This is what we should strive for. And we need to learn from our classics.

5. The floor is given to students of 4 groups:

We learned that there are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary" and others.

We learned that phraseological units have homonyms, synonyms and antonyms.

In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms: To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune. Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.

Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units: Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead

The head on the shoulders is a light head. Two pairs of boots are alike.

Beat swords into plowshares - sheathe the sword.

And finally, examples of antonym phraseological units: